Heavy Rainfall and Flooding
Data Limitations
There is a relatively long historical record of precipitation data. However, a lack of spatial density of stations combined with highly variable precipitation across the state means that some rainfall events, including high rainfall amounts, may not be adequately represented in the data. Also, flood risk depends on a precipitation event, preceding events, the built environment and flood mitigation techniques. Flooding can and does occur outside of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Special Flood Hazard Areas. Flood impacts are extremely localized, so the data listed below may not adequately represent a single community or neighborhood flood risk or history.
Definition and Description
Heavy rainfall is rain with a rate of accumulation exceeding a specific value that is geographically dependent (AMS 2012). Flooding is any high flow, overflow, or inundation by water which causes or threatens damage (NWS 2009).
Heavy rainfall is a subjective term, but is rain falling at a rate more than the underlying surface can handle, causing runoff, inundation of low-lying areas, and flooding. This may include short-duration thunderstorms lasting a few hours or rainfall accumulating over several days. Flooding is the result of heavy rainfall but also the underlying surface. The rate of infiltration (how quickly it is absorbed by the soil), how quickly runoff reaches the creeks and rivers, if there had been prior rainfall, if the ground is frozen, and other local factors affect runoff and flooding. Consequently, a rainfall of a given rate and amount may cause flooding in one circumstance but not in another. Flooding is most likely in low-lying areas, along the edges of water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers), and over impermeable surfaces (such as streets and parking lots). Primary causes include slow-moving thunderstorms and storms that track over a location in rapid succession, or tropical systems. Flash flooding may occur with intense thunderstorms while river flooding usually requires rainfall accumulated over a longer duration.
Rainfall accumulations may be compared against previous occurrences through the concept of “return-period values”. This is a statistical assessment of the frequency with which similar amounts have been recorded in the past at a specific location. These return periods, such as 1 in 25 years (a 4% chance of occurring in any given year), are not predictive tools – a large event occurring in the recent record does not prevent another similar or larger event occurring shortly after. Also, if heavy rainfall has already occurred, stormwater retention systems may be filled to capacity allowing a smaller event to cause flooding impacts similar to a much larger event. Rainfall rates and accumulations are usually greatest during the spring, summer, and fall, when warm air can hold more water vapor to produce greater rain rates. River flooding is most likely in spring or fall, when fronts may stall giving a focus for thunderstorm development. Tropical systems, either from the Gulf of Mexico or from the Pacific Ocean, can produce among the highest rainfall rates in the state.
Historical Data
Climate Extremes Tool - Precipitation
(Period of record varies by station; up to ~120 years) Southern Regional Climate CenterInteractive map shows precipitation extremes at airport weather stations, which can be used to show some previous heavy rainfall occurrences (i.e. the highest rainfall totals do not necessarily occur at airport weather stations).
1. Pan and zoom to location of interest. 2. To obtain High precipitation records by month: On left side of screen select Records For A Month → High Precipitation → Month of interest → Go. 3. Measurement unit is inches. Mouse over icon for record details (date of occurrence and station record). 4. To obtain All-time records: Select All-Time Records → High Precipitation → Go.
NOAA Atlas 14 Precipitation Frequency Data Server
(Last updated in 2013)NOAA Hydrometeorological Design Studies CenterInteractive tool shows rainfall frequency estimates for select durations (e.g. 3-, 12-, and 24 hours) and recurrence intervals (e.g. 100-, 500-, and 1000-years) with 90% confidence intervals. Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) values are not represented in this tool. Such values will be available through an additional tool in the near future.
1. Click on Oklahoma from the map. A new screen will open. 2. To select a location, either enter the desired location, station, or address manually OR select a station from the interactive map. 3. Precipitation frequency estimates will be displayed in both table and graph forms below. 4. For additional help, select FAQ from the left-hand menu, then refer to the Section 5 link under section 1.1.
Historical Climate Trends Tool
(1895-present) Southern Climate Impacts Planning ProgramShows precipitation trends by state and climate division, annually, seasonally, and by month. Years, seasons, or months with high precipitation totals may be indicative as years with flood events during one or more parts of the year, however, must be correlated with other data.
1. On the left side of the screen, select Oklahoma. 2. Select climate division of interest or entire state. 3. Select annual, season, or month of interest. 4. Select Precipitation. 5. For more information on how to interpret the chart, click on Chart Info on the bottom left.
Climate Explorer – Historical Thresholds Tool
(Period of record varies by station; up to ~100+ years) NOAA Climate Program Office and National Environmental Modeling and Analysis CenterThe Climate Explorer is an interactive tool that allows you to view the number of extreme rainfall events per year for a station’s period of record, among many other features.
1. Type in the city or county you are interested in. 2. Click Historical Thresholds. 3. From the top menu, select a Threshold in inches (e.g., 1 in). 4. Select a duration Window in days (e.g., 1 day). 5. Choose a station (red dot) on the map. 6. The resulting plot displays a bar chart with days per year (or multi-day duration you chose) with precipitation reaching your selected threshold. Hover your mouse over the bars to view yearly information.
FEMA Flood Map Service Center
Service Center Federal Emergency Management AgencyWebsite can be used to locate and identify flood hazard zones in a jurisdiction and produce maps for inclusion in a hazard mitigation plan. When combined with other map layers it can provide a spatial relationship between flood hazard zones and critical facilities and infrastructure. Note that the 100-yr floodplain is an estimate used for insurance and regulatory purposes. Floods can and do occur outside of the areas depicted. Note: This tool is a little more involved than some of the others and it is helpful to use a larger computer screen because of the amount of data shown.
1. Enter an address, place, or coordinates in the search bar near the top of the page. 2. Click Search. 3. Click Streets view in upper right corner of the map. 4. The panel of land outlined in light blue is the one that will be mapped. If you need a different panel, click on the one of interest (Zoom out if needed. It may take a few seconds for it to be selected). 5. Zoom in to view details in map such as those shown at right. Note legend below map and effective date in bold above the map. 6. To download a black & white static image of full original FIRM panel, click on Map Image icon. 7. To access a colored map, click on Dynamic Map icon. You may need to disable your browser’s pop-up blocker.
Flood Impacts by River Crest Height
(Period of record varies by gauge; up to ~100 years) National Water Prediction CenterThis interactive tool shows a summary of flood impacts and historical gauge information for locations of interest. It can be used to identify historic and recent river crest heights, flood impacts by crest height and location, and hydrographs.
1. On the map, pan and zoom to the area of interest. Click on the stream gauge of interest on the map. 2. A new side window will pop up with the selected gauge’s information. Click Full Information at the top. 3. A hydrograph with recent and forecasted values is shown at the top. Below this is a table with flood stages and associated crest heights. To view Flood Impacts for a range of crest heights, scroll down the page. Click Show More Flood Impacts to expand this list. 4. Recent Crests and Historic Crests are listed below and to the right. These lists show the crest height and date of the observation. 5. Below this is the Vertical Datum Table and associated flood stages.
Historical Flood Risk and Costs
(1996-2019)Federal Emergency Management AgencyMap visualization and graphs show state and county flood events that are documented in NOAA’s Storm Events Database. It shows the number of flood events by county and costs of flooding based on average National Flood Insurance Program and FEMA’s Individual and Household Program payments.
1. Under Choose a State, select Oklahoma. 2. Oklahoma statistics will be displayed on the page. 3. If you wish to view statistics by county, click on a county on the map displayed on the page.
County Climate Summaries
(Period of record varies by county; up to ~120 years)Oklahoma Climatological SurveyThis site provides climate summaries for each county in Oklahoma. Browse the county-level documents for average and extreme climate statistics for multiple climate hazards, including rainfall.
1. Click on a county of interest from the list. 2. In the Averages section, view the precipitation table for the monthly and annual average precipitation. 3. In the Records & Extremes section, view the wettest year with associated amount of rainfall and greatest daily rainfall with associated date it occurred. Note: Unless noted, average/normal values are based on the 1991-2020 period. Read the footnotes to take into account other methodologies.
Climate Change Trends
Heavy rainfall and flooding have always been part of Oklahoma’s climate. Annual precipitation has increased over the vast majority of Oklahoma, with the highest change occurring in winter. According to Easterling et al. (2017), heavy rainfall (top 1% of annual events) increased by 12% between 1958 and 2016. Seasonally, rainfall is projected to increase in winter and spring and decrease in summer and fall by the end of the 21st century, but projected changes are small compared to natural variations. There is strong confidence that there will continue to be an increase in the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events over the 21st century (Easterling et al. 2017), which increases the chance of flooding. However, flooding is a locally complex phenomenon and can be exacerbated by human action (or inaction) as much as it can be caused by atmospheric conditions. Learn more about future heavy rainfall and flooding in Climate Change Science and Projection Resources.
Risk Factor
(Present risk and 30-year future projections)First Street FoundationThis tool provides information on flood risk and how it is changing. It shows the trend in number of properties at risk, a specific property’s flood risk score, the flood history of an area, how an area’s flood risk is expected to change in the next 30 years, and community solutions for flood mitigation.
1. Type in the address, zip code, or city of interest 2. Click the Flood Factor tab near the top of the page. 3. Scroll down and use the tabs on the left side of the page or scroll to the topic of interest.
Climate Explorer – Climate Maps and Graphs Tools
(1950-2099) NOAA Climate Program Office and National Environmental Modeling and Analysis CenterThe Climate Explorer is an interactive tool that allows you to view and compare the average number of days with precipitation greater than 1”, 2”, or 3” per year for the historical period and in the future under both higher and lower emissions scenarios.
1. Type in the city or county you are interested in. 2. Click Climate Maps. 3. From the leftmost drop-down menu, select Days w/ 1” Precipitation (2” and 3” thresholds are also available). 4. Next to the drop-down menu, select Map. 5. Use the middle slider on the map to compare averages between historical, lower, and higher emissions scenarios. (Use the bottom drop-down menus to choose variables and the slider on the bottom right to choose a decade to compare with.) On the map, zoom in to the county level and click a county to view the associated values. 6. To view this information over time (1950-2099) for a single location, click the Graph tab at the top of the map and type a location at the top. Note: Precipitation projections have a high range of uncertainty.
Precipitation Projections
(2036-2099) South Central Climate Adaptation Science CenterThis webpage includes several precipitation projections for the south-central U.S. during the midcentury (2036-2065) and end-of-century (2070-2099) time frames under low and high emissions scenarios.
1. The projections are grouped by mid-century and end-of-century. Scroll down to Projected Change in the Average Annual 1-Day (or 5-Day) Maximum Rainfall for the time frame you’re interested in. 2. The maps in the middle of the page show the projections under a low emissions scenario on the left and high emissions scenario on the right. The average value in the top right of each map represents the average for the entire region, so use the legend below the map to estimate the value for your area. Note: Click the map to view a larger version. 3. On either side of the page is a text summary of the projections for both emissions scenarios. Note: You can use these maps to view the range of projected values, as the future value will likely fall somewhere in between the low and high emissions scenarios.
